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HTTP Overview, History, Versions and Standards
(Page 2 of 3)
HTTP/1.1
While impatient pundits coined sarcastic
terms such as the World Wide Wait, the IETF continued to
work to improve HTTP. In January 1997, the first draft version of HTTP/1.1
appeared: in RFC 2068. This document was later revised and published
as RFC 2616, Hypertext Transfer Protocol HTTP/1.1,
in June 1999. HTTP/1.1 retains backwards compatibility with both HTTP/1.0
and HTTP/0.9. It is accompanied by RFC 2617, HTTP Authentication:
Basic and Digest Access Authentication, which deals with security
and authentication issues.
HTTP/1.1 introduces several significant
improvements over version 1.0 of the protocol, most of which specifically
address the performance problems I just described. Some of the more
important improvements in version 1.1 are:
- Multiple Host Name Support: In HTTP/1.0,
there was no way to specify the host name of the server to which the
client needed to connect. As a result, the Web server at a particular
IP address could only support one domain name. This was not only inefficient,
it was exacerbating the depletion
of IP addresses in the 1990s, because
each new Web server to come online required a new IP address. HTTP/1.1
allows one Web server to handle requests for dozens or even hundreds
of different virtual hosts.
- Persistent Connections: HTTP/1.1 allows
a client to send multiple requests for related documents to a server
in a single TCP session. This greatly improves performance over HTTP/1.0,
where each request required a new connection to the server.
- Partial Resource Selection: In HTTP/1.1,
a client can ask for only part of a resource rather than the entire
document, which reduces the load on the server and saves transfer bandwidth.
- Better Caching and Proxying Support: HTTP/1.1
includes many provisions to make caching and proxying more efficient
and effective than they were in HTTP/1.0. These techniques can improve
performance by providing clients with faster replies to their requests
while reducing the load on servers, as well as enhancing security and
implementing other functionality.
- Content Negotiation: A negotiation feature
was added that allows the client and server to exchange information
to help select the best resource or version of a resource when multiple
variants are available.
- Better Security: HTTP/1.1 defines authentication
methods and is generally more security aware than HTTP/1.0
was.
In addition to these notable improvements,
many other minor enhancements were made in HTTP/1.1. Several of these
take the form of new headers that can be included in client requests
to better control under what circumstances resources are retrieved from
the server, and headers in server responses to provide additional information
to the client.
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Version 3.0 - Version Date: September 20, 2005
© Copyright 2001-2005 Charles M. Kozierok. All Rights Reserved.
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