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Table Of Contents  The TCP/IP Guide
 9  TCP/IP Application Layer Protocols, Services and Applications (OSI Layers 5, 6 and 7)
      9  TCP/IP Key Applications and Application Protocols
           9  TCP/IP Interactive and Remote Application Protocols
                9  Telnet Protocol

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Telnet Overview, History and Standards
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Telnet Communications Model and the Network Virtual Terminal (NVT)
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Telnet Connections and Client/Server Operation

Telnet’s overall function is to define a means by which a user or process on one machine can access and use another machine as if it were locally connected. This makes Telnet inherently client/server in operation, like so many other application protocols in TCP/IP. Usually, the Telnet client is a piece of software that acts as an interface to the user, processing keystrokes and user commands and presenting output from the remote machine. The Telnet server is a program running on a remote computer that has been set up to allow remote sessions.

TCP Sessions and Client/Server Communication

Telnet is used for the interactive communication of data and commands between client and server over a prolonged period of time, and is thus strongly based on the concept of a session. For this reason, Telnet runs over the connection-oriented Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). Telnet servers listen for connections on well-known TCP port number 23. When a client wants to access a particular server, it initiates a TCP connection to the appropriate server, which responds to set up a TCP connection using the standard TCP three-way handshake.

The TCP connection is maintained for the duration of the Telnet session, which can remain alive for hours, days, or even weeks at a time. The quality of service features of TCP guarantee that data is received reliably and in order, and ensures that data is not sent at too high a rate for either client or server. A machine offering Telnet service can support multiple simultaneous sessions with different users, keeping each distinct by identifying it using the IP address and port number of the client.

Since TCP is a full-duplex protocol, both client and server can send information at will over the Telnet session. By default, both devices begin by using the standard Telnet Network Virtual Terminal (NVT) method for encoding data and control commands. They can also negotiate the use of Telnet options to provide greater functionality for the session. While option negotiation can occur at any time, it is normal for there to be a “burst” of such option exchanges when a Telnet session is first established, and only occasional option command exchanges thereafter.

With the TCP connection in place and the Telnet session active, the client and server software begin their normal jobs of interfacing the user to the remote host. To the user, the Telnet session appears fundamentally the same as sitting down at a terminal directly connected to the remote host. In most cases, the server will begin the user’s session by sending a login prompt to ask for a user name and password. The Telnet client will accept this information from the user and send it to the server. Assuming the information is valid, the user will be logged in and can use the host in whatever manner his or her account authorizes.

As mentioned in the Telnet overview, even though the protocol is classically intended for remote login, it need not be used in this manner. The administrator of the computer that is running the Telnet server determines how it is to be used on that machine. As just one example, a Telnet server can be interfaced directly to a process or program providing a service. I can recall years ago using an Internet server that provided weather information to the public using Telnet. After using the protocol to connect to that machine, you would be presented not with a login prompt, but a menu of weather display options. Of course today, the Web has replaced most of such facilities, as it is far better-suited to this type of information retrieval.

Key Concept: Telnet is a client/server protocol that uses TCP to establish a session between a user terminal and a remote host. The Telnet client software takes input from the user and sends it to the server, which feeds it to the host machine’s operating system. The Telnet server takes output from the host and sends it to the client to display to the user. While Telnet is most often used to implement remote login capability, there is no concept specifically pertaining to logins in the protocol, which is general enough to allow it to be used for a variety of functions.


Use of Telnet To Access Other Servers

The Telnet NVT representation is used by a variety of other protocols such as SMTP and HTTP. This means that the same Telnet client that allows you to access a Telnet server can be used to directly access other application servers. All you need to do is specify the port number corresponding to the service. For example, this command will allow you to directly interface to a Web server:

telnet www.someserversomewhere.org 80

You will not receive a login prompt, but instead the server will wait for you to send an HTTP Request message, as if you were a Web browser. If you enter a valid request, the server will send you an HTTP Response message. Used in this way, Telnet can be very valuable as a diagnostic tool.

Key Concept: The Telnet Network Virtual Terminal (NVT) data representation has been adopted by a host of other TCP/IP protocols as the basis for their messaging systems. Telnet client software can thus be used not only to connect to Telnet servers, but also to servers of protocols such as SMTP and HTTP, which is useful for diagnostic purposes.



Previous Topic/Section
Telnet Overview, History and Standards
Previous Page
Pages in Current Topic/Section
1
Next Page
Telnet Communications Model and the Network Virtual Terminal (NVT)
Next Topic/Section

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