Please Whitelist This Site? I know everyone hates ads. But please understand that I am providing premium content for free that takes hundreds of hours of time to research and write. I don't want to go to a pay-only model like some sites, but when more and more people block ads, I end up working for free. And I have a family to support, just like you. :) If you like The TCP/IP Guide, please consider the download version. It's priced very economically and you can read all of it in a convenient format without ads. If you want to use this site for free, I'd be grateful if you could add the site to the whitelist for Adblock. To do so, just open the Adblock menu and select "Disable on tcpipguide.com". Or go to the Tools menu and select "Adblock Plus Preferences...". Then click "Add Filter..." at the bottom, and add this string: "@@||tcpipguide.com^$document". Then just click OK. Thanks for your understanding! Sincerely, Charles Kozierok Author and Publisher, The TCP/IP Guide

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The TCP/IP Guide  9  TCP/IP Application Layer Protocols, Services and Applications (OSI Layers 5, 6 and 7)       9  TCP/IP Key Applications and Application Protocols            9  TCP/IP File and Message Transfer Applications and Protocols (FTP, TFTP, Electronic Mail, USENET, HTTP/WWW, Gopher)                 9  TCP/IP World Wide Web (WWW, "The Web") and the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)                      9  TCP/IP World Wide Web and Hypertext Overview and Concepts

World Wide Web Media and the Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) 1 2 3 TCP/IP Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

Resource Paths and Directory Listings

The <url-path> used to reference a particular document can also be omitted. This provides a convenient way for a user to see what content is offered on a Web site without needing to know what particular document to request. For example, a user who wants to just see what the current headlines are on CNN would just go to “http://www.cnn.com”. In this case, the request is sent to the Web server for the null document “/” (which is implied if it is not specified; technically you are supposed to specify “http://www.cnn.com/”).

How such a “/” request is handled depends on the server. Technically, such a request is actually asking the server “please show me the contents of the root directory of the server”. However, this is both ugly (a listing of file names is not the best way to make a first impression) and a potential security issue (as anyone can see the name of every file on the server). Instead, most HTTP servers are set up to automatically recognize such requests and return a default document, often named something like “index.html” or “default.html”. Many servers will similarly return a default document of some sort if any other directory is specified in a URL; for example, “http://www.pcguide.com/ref” actually returns “http://www.pcguide.com/ref/index.htm”.

The forms above apply to absolute HTTP URLs. URLs may also be relative; this is the norm for links between closely related documents, such as graphics that go with a document, or between documents in a set or project. In this case, usually only a fractional portion of a URL path is specified; this is described fully in the topic on relative URLs.

Note that while it is technically incorrect to leave the “http://” off an HTTP URL, most Web browsers will add it automatically if omitted. As a result, many Web users are in the habit of entering “URLs” that are simply a host name, such as just “www.pcguide.com”.

World Wide Web Media and the Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) 1 2 3 TCP/IP Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)