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IPSec Key Exchange (IKE)
(Page 2 of 2)
IKE Operation
So, IKE doesn't strictly implement
either OAKLEY or SKEME but takes bits of each to form its own method
of using ISAKMP. Clear as mud, I know. Since IKE functions within the
framework of ISAKMP, its operation is based on the ISAKMP phased negotiation
process. There are two phases:
- ISAKMP Phase 1: The first phase is a setup
stage where two devices agree on how to exchange further information
securely. This negotiation between the two units creates a security
association for ISAKMP itself; an ISAKMP SA. This security association
is then used for securely exchanging more detailed information in Phase
2.
- ISAKMP Phase 2: In this phase the ISAKMP
SA established in Phase 1 is used to create SAs for other security protocols.
Normally, this is where the parameters for the real SAs
for the AH and ESP protocols would be negotiated.
An obvious question is why IKE bothers
with this two-phased approach; why not just negotiate the security association
for AH or ESP in the first place? Well, even though the extra phase
adds overhead, multiple Phase 2 negotiations can be conducted after
one Phase 1, which amortizes the extra cost of the two-phase
approach. It is also possible to use a simpler exchange method for Phase
2 once the ISAKMP security association has been established in Phase
1.
The ISAKMP security association negotiated
during Phase 1 includes the negotiation of the following attributes
used for subsequent negotiations:
- An encryption algorithm to be used, such as the
Data Encryption Standard (DES).
- A hash algorithm (MD5 or SHA, as
used by AH or ESP).
- An authentication method, such as authentication
using previously shared keys.
- A Diffie-Hellman group. Diffie and Hellman
were two pioneers in the industry who invented public-key cryptography.
In this method, instead of encrypting and decrypting with the same key,
data is encrypted using a public key knowable to anyone, and decrypted
using a private key that is kept secret. A Diffie-Hellman group defines
the attributes of how to perform this type of cryptography. Four predefined
groups derived from OAKLEY are specified in IKE and provision is allowed
for defining new groups as well.
Note that even though security associations
in general are unidirectional, the ISAKMP SA is established bidirectionally.
Once Phase 1 is complete, then, either device can set up a subsequent
SA for AH or ESP using it.
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Version 3.0 - Version Date: September 20, 2005
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